Formulas
- Add VAT: gross = net × (1 + rate)
- Remove VAT: net = gross ÷ (1 + rate); VAT = gross − net
Removing VAT is not the same as subtracting the rate: 20% VAT inside 1,200 is 200, not 240. Standard rates include 20% (UK, France, Serbia), 19% (Germany), 21% (Netherlands, Spain), 22% (Italy) and 25% (Denmark, Sweden); reduced rates apply to some goods. For cross-border B2B services in the EU, the reverse-charge mechanism usually applies — check your local rules. Works in any currency.